Any of fiber substrate including fiber yarn, fabric, garment, technical textile, etc. The cotton first goes through dryers to reduce moisture content and then through cleaning equipment to remove foreign matter. Cotton fibre is the smallest of all the textile fibres. Question answers fibre to fabric freeguru helpline. The recycled cotton fiber is usually spun with virgin cotton or polyester to improve the quality because recycled cotton has short fiber lengths and is weaker than its virgin counterpart. The answers to these questions will help with the identification. This fabric is used to make bathrobes, bathmats, and towels, and it is also used to make bedsheets, blankets, and duvets. Cotton, batting, felt, woollen or worsted yarn, etc. Questionanswers fibre to fabric multiple choice questions 1. The cotton linters are removed by a second ginning process. These operations facilitate processing and improve fiber quality. As has been seen so far, tensionless mercerization is a process in which the fiber is freely allowed to swell and shrink due to alkali absorption without any tension being applied, and after the alkali is washed off, dimensions are set, and is a process from which a stretch cotton with around 20% elasticity can be attained, using a fiber which. From raw cotton to cotton fabrics the fabric usually used in the clothes we wear is produced through two processes. The flow diagram of the fibre to fabric process is shown in figure 1.
The selection of any pretreatment process, its composition, and methodology depends upon the enduse requirement of the textile product. Mercerizing causes the flat, twisted, ribbon like cotton fiber to swell into a round shape and to contract in length. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. The plant is a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the. This you can see in socks, elastic knitted fabric and cotton stretchable elastic. A dyeing process is the interaction between a dye and a fibre, as well as the movement of dye into the internal part of the fibre. Alternately, a cotton polyester blend requires two dye types combined in the print paste.
Depending upon fabric type, it may be necessary to stabilise the dimensions of the fabric before the scouring process, using a process known as crabbing. These ordered fibres can then be passed on to other processes that are specific to the desired end use of the fibre. Stages of the cotton manufacturing process bizfluent. Unlike almost all other commercially successful dyestuffs, the indigo dye concentrates in the outer layers of the cotton yarn and fiber during the dyeing process. Some examples of fibres are cotton, wool, silk, flax, jute, nylon, polyester and polyacrylic. When blending, the carding process combines the different fibres into a homogeneous mix. On the other hand, the fabrics made up of plant fibers such as cotton fabrics. Typical preparation processes used for cotton and cotton blend yarns, and fabrics include singeing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing cotton only, heat setting synthetic fibers only and cellulose enzyme treatments. Cotton linters are the short, fuzzy hairlike fibres that remain on the seeds after ginning has been done. This process transforms fibers into stringlike drawn sliver. Fibre to fabric a manufacturing process of fabrics from. Dyeing is a process of applying coloring matter directly on fiber, yarn or fabric without any additives.
Properties of cotton cotton fiber properties cotton. Cotton goes from fiber balls on a plant to fabric through a multistep mechanical process. By the completion of the workshop participants should be able to. The characteristics of a fabric depend upon the type of fibre used and the treatment applied to them. The initial stage of textile manufacturing involves the production of the raw material either by farmers who raise cotton, sheep, silkworms, or flax or by chemists who. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such. Fill in the names of useful items made from jute fibres in.
Pdf multiand interdisciplinary nature of textile design research of. Being a natural fiber, there are always going to be fibers of different lengths present length distribution or fiber array. After the shirt is manufactured as usually, it will be dipped into a mixture of chemicals, which will be absorbed by the cotton fibres. For example, a 100% cotton fabric can be printed with reactive dyes, vat dyes, or any dye that works for cotton. Here we will explain each process in detail using some illustrations. Cotton fibers, known as lint, are separated from the seeds then organized in lengths that are eventually spun into yarn. Carding machines can process cotton in excess of 100 pounds per hour. Pdf fibre to fabric laboratory manual gopalakrishnan. These countries produce about 80% of cotton globally. The entire production process, from selecting the finest wool fibres to processing them into finished fabrics, is in our hands. In this chapter of fibre to fabric of cbse 6, we will learn how exactly the fluffy cotton balls are converted into smooth fibres.
The definition of nonwoven fabrics states that fibers are held together by a bonding agent to form a fabric. This one belongs to the most popular process for wrinkle free shirts and can be used for 100 % cotton fabrics or cotton blends. The spinning process is closely related to the fiber length, and the process parameters of each process must be matched with the fiber length of cotton used in order to ensure that the quality of production and processing. Production of cotton fiber from field to mill textile. From raw cotton to cotton fabrics toyota industries corporation. The seeds will be sold to manufacturers of cottonseed oil, animal feed, paper products and more. This workshop aims to introduce participants to basic approaches in identifying fibres and fabrics using simple microscopy. After dyeing and finishing, the woven material is ready for delivery either directly to manufacturer of textile products where they are finally stitched into clothes that we wear.
Processing textile fibres is a linear process where the material processing. The art of choosing the right fiber to combine with the right binder by the most efficient process to obtain a desired fabric is the absolute goal of nonwoven manufacturing. Flow chart of cotton dyeing process textile flowchart. The cotton is then air conveyed to gin stands where revolving circular. Carding can also be used to create blends of different fibres or different colours. The complete process of making or producing fabrics from fibres includes. Figure 1 material flow diagram for fibre to fabric process. Fiber fineness is expressed in term of decitex and it varies from 1.
Biodegradability study on cotton and polyester fabrics. All of these except singeing and heat setting are processed using. What is cotton fibre properties of cotton fiber testex. Cbse class 6 science notes chapter 3 fibre to fabric. For instance, most tshirts contain at least some amount of cotton, and true blue jeans are 100 percent cotton. The fiber, which is called lint at this stage, is formed into bales that weigh about 500 pounds each. Cotton is still the king of fibers because most of the worlds apparel is made of cotton. Natural dyes were used only for coloring of textiles from ancient times till. From fibre to fabric the production process tuchfabrik. Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus gossypium in the mallow family malvaceae.
Fiber recycling using mechanical and chemical processes. Here we have given ncert class 6 science notes chapter 3 fibre to fabric. Fibre to fabric class 7 notes science chapter 3 learn cbse. It is the designers responsibility to select the appropriate fabrics for their intended applications, but it is the responsibility of the fabric producer to provide as much information as. Af ter dyeing and finishing, the woven material is ready for delivery either directly to manufacturer of textile products where they are finally stitched into clothes. Cotton is dyed with a range of dye types, including vat dyes, and modern synthetic reactive and direct dyes. From raw cotton to cotton fabrics toyota industries. Fibres are very thin, threadlike strands from which fabrics or cloths are made.
Extraction of fibres either from the plant or animal. The process consists of holding the fabric in tension while treating it with a strong solution of sodium hydroxide at a temperature of 70 to 80 f. Manufacturers may even use cotton to make curtains, wallhangings. Evaluation of cotton fibre properties in compact yarn spinning processes and.
Fibre to fabric class 6 notes science chapter 3 learn cbse. Roller ginning which is often preferred for longer fibres is slower and more costly process. The fabric usually used in the clothes we wear is produced through two processes. Kristie j browning2 1department of fiber science and apparel design, cornell university, ithaca, ny 148534401, united states 2 cotton incorporated, cary, nc 275, united states. The fabric is cut and shredded and then pulled apart into fibers. Cbse class 7 science notes chapter 3 fibre to fabric. This ensures that every metre of loden leaving our production represents highest quality. Fiber id the first narrowing process involves discerning animal, vegetable or synthetic fiber categories.
Cotton fiber length is measured and reported as the upper half mean length average length of the longest 50% of fibers to an accuracy of one hundredth of an inch. If suppose elasticity is further more, then it can be other fibre like nylon one man made fibre. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds. Pretreatment of textiles prior to dyeing edward menezes and mrinal choudhari rossari biotech ltd. Cotton fibre is a plant derived natural seed fibre used extensively in the manufacture of denim fabrics. Cbse class 6 science notes chapter 3 fibre to fabric pdf free download is part of class 6 science notes for quick revision. Chemical structure and properties of cotton 27 intensities decreased rapidly from 3 dpa to 10 dpa, the 722 cm 1 band, also observed in the spectrum of 3dpa fibers, increased markedly. Physical properties and characteristics of fabrics we need to make sure that the customer is aware of the properties and characteristics of the fabrics. Prior to spinning, the recycled fibers are disentangled and aligned using a carding process.
Introduction cotton is the leading fibre in textile industry. Physical properties and characteristics of fabrics. Effect of special finishes on the functional properties of. The fibre is spun into yarn, which is then converted into fabric in a weaving or knitting mill. Because of the low substantivity of the indigo, the ball warp dyeing process ring dyes cotton. Pdf evaluation of cotton fibre properties in compact yarn. Does the fabric form a melted bead, or does it leave ash. The web of fibers at the front of the card is then drawn through a funnelshaped device. From all types of apparel, including astronauts inflight space suits, to sheets and towels, and tarpaulins and tents, cotton in todays fastmoving world is still natures wonder fiber. It provides thousands of useful products and supports millions of jobs as it moves from field to fabric. Mercerization process of cotton fabric textile learner. In case of cotton fabric elasticity is enhanced around 30 to 200% with the addition of lycra filament ranging 410% by weight during fabric or yarn manufacturing. Mercerization is a process applied to cotton and sometimes to cotton blends to increase lustre thus also enhancing appearance, the treatment consists of immersing the yarn or fibre in a solution of sodium hydroxide caustic soda for short. All cloth materials are made up of long, narrow, thin structures called fibres.
They are white, cream or light brown in colour and fine and strong. Generally, a dyeing process involves adsorption transfer of dyes from the aqueous solution onto the fibre surface and diffusion dyes diffused into the fibre. In australia, most cotton is ginned with saw gins where fast moving circular saws grip the fibres and pull them through narrow slots. The flow diagram of the fibre to fabric process is given below. From the field, seed cotton moves to nearby gins for separation of lint and seed. I, the cotton fibre was separated from seeds in the cotton bolls by the process of. Introduction cotton referred to as the king of fibers is most important textile fiber in the world. Cotton voile, rayon, linen, satin, and denim are different types of fabrics. Does the burnt fabric produce a distinct odor or smoke color. Greigestate wool fabrics have very poor dimensional stability, and great care must be taken in handling wool fabrics through the sequence of wet finishing processes. Here we have given ncert class 7 science notes chapter 3 fibre to fabric. Major producers of cotton fibre are china, india, us, pakistan and brazil. Four different 100% cotton blends were used as raw material american. Prior to the industrial revolution, cotton processing was done by hand from picking through weaving.
1371 299 1442 403 783 1464 1449 1287 150 229 46 1289 364 934 1116 429 384 647 1099 1510 453 237 1401 69 798 286 478 1179 752 79 1359 337 514 62 1384 1152 47